RECENZIJA KNJIGE Patrick Todd OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE

BOOK REVIEW Patrick Todd, OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2021 Print ISBN: 9780192897916, Online ISBN: 9780191919497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897916.001.0001 Hardcover, $70.00, e-book,$69.99RECENZIJA KNJIGE Patrick Todd, OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2021 Print ISBN: 9780192897916, Online ISBN: 9780191919497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897916.001.0001 Hardcover, $70.00, e-book,$69.9

RECENZIJA KNJIGE Patrick Todd OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE

BOOK REVIEW Patrick Todd, OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2021 Print ISBN: 9780192897916, Online ISBN: 9780191919497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897916.001.0001 Hardcover, $70.00, e-book,$69.99RECENZIJA KNJIGE Patrick Todd, OPEN FUTURE: WHY FUTURE CONTINGENTS ARE ALL FALSE, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2021 Print ISBN: 9780192897916, Online ISBN: 9780191919497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897916.001.0001 Hardcover, $70.00, e-book,$69.9

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

EUROPEAN POLICIES: SPORT, INCLUSIVE EDUCATION AND THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM. HOW TO RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS

European policies highlight the challenges Covid-19 has posed to both the sporting world and to physical activity and well-being, including for marginalized or vulnerable groups. One of the strategies adopted to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 on the sport education sector, requires an integrated system which aims to develop the culture of sport in particular among students with disabilities. This model in turn is structured around the following dimensions: Sporting federations and organizations; Professional sport ecosystem; Supporting physical activity; Research and policy guidance; Promoting positive educative and social attitudes and behavior. This paper intends to contribute to a systematic reflection imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic in relation to the main educational policies just mentioned, and in particular around the need to review the inclusive and sustainable dimension of sport in the school curriculum, especially for students with disabilities

INCLUSIVE AND HEALTH EDUCATION TO PREVENT RISKY BEHAVIORS AND MARGINALIZATION. THE INCIDENT OF ALCHOL ABUSE AND ROAD ACCIDENTS AMONGST HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF L’AQUILA

A school policy for inclusion and sustainability is attentive, with the curriculum, to the promotion of values such as health and legality. The survey carried out at the high schools of L'Aquila explores the spread of this culture. As our data shows, detrimental alcohol consumption increases with age, is more prevalent among "repeaters", and women are more sensitive to the risk of marginality. The university/school collaboration therefore intends to encourage the development of transversal skills (decision making, problem solving, etc.), as important protection factors

SURVEY ON THE METHODOLOGICAL AND DIDACTIC SKILL OF THE INCLUSIVE TEACHER. SUGGESTIONS ON ICT TRAINING IN THE POST-PANDEMIC COVID PHASE.

Methodological and didactic skills required today at school, especially in blended mode, require specific teacher training. This survey focuses on the resident students of the VII Course for educational support at the University of L’Aquila, and detects their incoming training needs after the Covid-19 pandemic. 49% of them have difficulties with educational software, while 63% have problems with ICT. Our results don’t confirm national trends. Training activities must fill these gaps and include the support of augmented and virtual reality

PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING THE KI-RAS ONCOGENE UNDER THE CONTROL OF A THYROGLOBULIN PROMOTER

Transgenic mice have been generated bearing three fusion genes consisting of (a) a 900-base pair rat thyroglobulin promoter followed by a gene coding for a chloroamphenicol acetyl transferase activity; (b) the same promoter followed by the complementary DNA of the human activated Ki-ras oncogene; (c) a 2000-base pair rat thyroglobulin promoter followed by the complementary DNA of the human activated Ki-ras. We have shown that the 900-base pair rat thyroglobulin promoter is able to direct the expression of the reporter gene specifically in the thyroid gland of transgenic mice. The mice bearing the two Ki-ras constructs, which express the transgene in thyroid glands, show thyroid abnormalities, although at very low incidence. These lesions appear after a long latency and with a benign aspect, thus suggesting that, in agreement with literature data on naturally occurring human thyroid tumors, the action of an activated ras gene is not sufficient to attain a complete malignant conversion of thyroid glands in vivo. However, ras expression in thyroid follicular cells represents a favorable ground for tumor development, as shown by the fact that goitrogen stimulation experiments increase the occurrence of tumors